Interpreting Results — T-scores and Z-scores
Bone density results are not reported as simple raw numbers but as standard deviations (SD) compared to a reference population.
T-score: This compares your BMD to that of a healthy 30-year-old adult of the same sex (peak bone mass).
Normal: $-1.0$ or higher.
Osteopenia (Low Bone Mass): Between $-1.0$ and $-2.5$.
Osteoporosis: $-2.5$ or lower.
Z-score: This compares your BMD to the average for people of your same age, sex, and ethnicity.
A Z-score below $-2.0$ suggests that something other than aging (like a secondary medical condition or medication) is causing accelerated bone loss.
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